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OpenClaw supports OAuth (“subscription auth”) for providers that offer it, notably OpenAI Codex (ChatGPT OAuth) and Anthropic Claude CLI reuse. For Anthropic, the practical split is:
  • Anthropic API key: normal Anthropic API billing.
  • Anthropic Claude CLI / subscription auth inside OpenClaw: Anthropic staff told us this usage is allowed again, so OpenClaw treats Claude CLI reuse and claude -p usage as sanctioned for this integration unless Anthropic publishes a new policy. For Anthropic in production, API key auth is still the safer recommended path.
OpenClaw stores both OpenAI API-key auth and ChatGPT/Codex OAuth under the canonical provider id openai. Older openai-codex:* profile ids and auth.order.openai-codex entries are legacy state repaired by openclaw doctor --fix; use openai:* profile ids and auth.order.openai for new config. This page covers:
  • how the OAuth token exchange works (PKCE)
  • where tokens are stored (and why)
  • how to handle multiple accounts (profiles + per-session overrides)
Provider plugins that ship their own OAuth or API-key flow run through the same entry point:

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The token sink (why it exists)

OAuth providers commonly mint a new refresh token on every login/refresh. Some providers invalidate the previous refresh token when a new one is issued for the same user/app. Practical symptom: log in via OpenClaw and via Claude Code / Codex CLI, and one of them randomly gets logged out later. To reduce that, OpenClaw treats the auth profile store as a token sink:
  • the runtime reads credentials from one place per agent
  • multiple profiles can coexist and route deterministically
  • external CLI reuse is provider-specific: once OpenClaw owns a local OAuth profile for a provider, the local refresh token is canonical. If that local refresh token is rejected, OpenClaw reports the profile for re-authentication instead of falling back to external CLI token material. Codex CLI bootstrap is narrower still: it can only seed an empty openai:default-style profile before OpenClaw owns OAuth for that provider; after that, OpenClaw-owned refreshes stay canonical
  • status/startup paths scope external CLI discovery to the provider set already configured, so an unrelated CLI login store is not probed for a single-provider setup

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Storage (where tokens live)

Credentials use a shared read-through base, while each agent owns its local credential overrides and auth-routing state:
  • Shared credentials: ~/.openclaw/state/openclaw.sqlite
  • Agent-local credentials and state: ~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/openclaw-agent.sqlite
  • Agent credential rows: auth_profile_store
  • Agent order, last-good, cooldown, and usage rows: auth_profile_state
Personal accounts added from Profile or models accounts login use private identity-scoped records in the selected Gateway’s shared state database: model-accounts owns the selected links, and each credential has its own model-account:<profile-id> record containing its secret and usage state. Only a selected personal profile is loaded for a run; ordinary shared-account reads never enumerate these records. Personal OAuth refresh writes back to that person’s account record rather than a shared or agent-local credential. Older installations may still contain auth-profiles.json, auth-state.json, per-agent auth.json, or shared credentials/oauth.json. Run openclaw doctor --fix once after upgrading. Doctor imports verified values, records a migration receipt, and renames the original file to a timestamped archive. Runtime never reads these retired files. What happens when one is still present depends on whether the SQLite store can already serve credentials for that agent:
  • The store holds profiles: the retired file is leftover bytes. Runtime logs a one-time warning naming the file and keeps working; Doctor archives it on the next --fix. Doctor never overwrites a usable stored credential with imported values, so the file cannot resurrect a stale token.
  • The store is empty: the credentials still live only in that file, so runtime fails closed for that agent with AUTH_PROFILE_MIGRATION_REQUIRED rather than falling through to environment auth. Gateway startup degrades this owner to configured-unavailable instead of refusing to start.
The database and migration sources respect $OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR. Full reference: /gateway/configuration-reference#auth-storage For static secret refs and runtime snapshot activation behavior, see Secrets Management. When an agent has no local auth profile, OpenClaw reads the shared auth store; it does not clone shared credentials into the agent database. OAuth refresh tokens are especially sensitive: normal copy flows skip them by default because some providers rotate or invalidate refresh tokens after use. Configure a separate OAuth login for an agent when it needs an independent account.

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Anthropic Claude CLI reuse

OpenClaw supports Anthropic Claude CLI reuse and claude -p as a sanctioned auth path. If you already have a local Claude login on the host, onboarding/configure can reuse it directly. Anthropic setup-token remains available as a supported token-auth path, but OpenClaw prefers Claude CLI reuse when it is available.
Anthropic’s public Claude Code docs say direct Claude Code use stays within Claude subscription limits, and Anthropic staff told us OpenClaw-style Claude CLI usage is allowed again. OpenClaw therefore treats Claude CLI reuse and claude -p usage as sanctioned for this integration unless Anthropic publishes a new policy.For Anthropic’s current direct-Claude-Code plan docs, see Using Claude Code with your Pro or Max plan and Using Claude Code with your Team or Enterprise plan.If you want other subscription-style options in OpenClaw, see OpenAI Codex, Qwen Cloud Coding Plan, MiniMax Coding Plan, and Z.AI / GLM Coding Plan.

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OAuth exchange (how login works)

OpenClaw’s OAuth registry and adapters live in src/llm/utils/oauth/. Shared provider helpers live in src/plugin-sdk/provider-oauth-runtime.ts and src/plugin-sdk/provider-auth-runtime.ts. The auth commands in src/commands/models/auth.ts run the selected provider method and persist the returned profiles.

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Anthropic setup-token

Flow shape:
  1. create the token by running claude setup-token on any machine with Claude Code, then start Anthropic setup-token or paste-token from OpenClaw
  2. OpenClaw stores the resulting Anthropic credential in an auth profile
  3. model selection stays on anthropic/...
  4. existing Anthropic auth profiles remain available for rollback/order control

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OpenAI Codex (ChatGPT OAuth)

OpenAI Codex OAuth is explicitly supported for use outside the Codex CLI, including OpenClaw workflows. The login command uses the canonical OpenAI provider id:
Use --profile-id openai:<name> for multiple ChatGPT/Codex OAuth accounts in one agent. Do not use openai-codex:<name> for new profiles. Doctor migrates that older prefix to a collision-free openai:* profile id; run openclaw models auth list --provider openai after repair before copying profile ids into auth.order or /model ...@<profileId>. Flow shape (PKCE):
  1. generate a PKCE verifier/challenge and a random state
  2. open https://auth.openai.com/oauth/authorize?... (scope openid profile email offline_access)
  3. try to capture the callback on http://localhost:1455/auth/callback (the callback host defaults to localhost and only accepts loopback hosts; override with OPENCLAW_OAUTH_CALLBACK_HOST)
  4. if you can paste a code before the callback lands (or you are remote/headless and the callback can’t bind), paste the redirect URL/code instead - manual paste races the browser callback and whichever completes first wins
  5. exchange the code at https://auth.openai.com/oauth/token
  6. extract accountId from the access token and store { access, refresh, expires, accountId }
Wizard path is openclaw onboard → auth choice openai.

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Refresh + expiry

Profiles store an expires timestamp. At runtime:
  • if expires is in the future, use the stored access token
  • if expired, refresh and save the new credentials back to the owning SQLite store
  • if an agent reads an OAuth profile from the shared store, the refresh writes back to that shared owner instead of copying the refresh token into the agent store
  • externally managed CLI credentials (Claude CLI, narrow Codex CLI bootstrap; see The token sink) are re-read instead of spending a copied refresh token. If a managed refresh fails, OpenClaw reports the affected profile for re-authentication instead of returning external CLI token material.
The refresh flow is automatic; you generally do not need to manage tokens manually.

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Multiple accounts (profiles) + routing

Three patterns:

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1) Preferred: separate agents

If you want “personal” and “work” to never interact, use isolated agents (separate sessions + credentials + workspace):
Then configure auth per-agent (wizard) and route chats to the right agent.

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2) Advanced: multiple profiles in one agent

The auth profile store supports multiple profile IDs for the same provider. Pick which one is used:
  • globally via config ordering (auth.order)
  • per-session via /model ...@<profileId> -s
Example (session override):
  • /model Opus@anthropic:work -s

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3) Multi-user: personal accounts

On a shared gateway, each verified person can save several accounts per provider in Settings → Profile → Connected accounts and choose one as their new-chat default. Add account and openclaw models accounts login use the same Gateway-owned provider and sign-in method catalog. Anthropic personal setup accepts an API key, not a Claude subscription token; system/agent auth remains a separate flow. Both sign-in surfaces show the Gateway, verified person, and Personal scope before requesting provider credentials. Gateway identity and provider sign-in are separate; a shared Gateway token does not identify a person. See personal-account CLI setup. The model picker in New session or an existing chat can select an account for that chat without changing the default. Ordered shared accounts remain same-provider failover candidates; the selection is not a billing guarantee. Personal credentials stay outside the shared profile list. See Per-person model accounts. List your saved personal accounts with:
For shared or agent-local profile IDs, use:
Related docs: